APA (American Psychological Association) Style:

Go to Style manuals & Citation Guides for a list of publications covering many different subject areas. This page shows examples of only a few types of resources.  For more detailed information, use the APA style manuals and web sites listed at the bottom of this page.  Return to Style Manuals and Citation Guides page to access other bibliographic styles.

All call numbers listed are those for the University of St. Thomas Libraries, St. Paul, MN.

This is used principally by the social sciences fields. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIES (Works Cited):

Here are examples of basic formats for sources (second and subsequent lines are
indented). Include as much information as you are able to locate from the
resource. In the bibliography, the first author's last name is listed first.  Resources are listed alphabetically by first author's last name  For anonymous works, the citation is inserted into the alphabetical list using the first word(s) of the title:

• Books: Author(s). (Date). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
  • Single author:

       Doe, J. (1999). Writing styles.  New York:  
            Doe Publishers. 

  • Two to six authors:

        Doe, J., Richards, R.S., & Smith, T.J.  (2001). Writing techniques. 
               New York:  Doe Publishers.

  • More than six authors:

         Doe, J., Richards, R.S., Jones, J.A., Jones, J.D., Johnson, R.D.,
               Smith, T.J.,  et. al. (2002). The style and technique of
               writing.  New York: Doe Publishers.

  • No author listed:

         Electronic reference formats in the community. (2002).  New
               York:  Doe Publishers.

  • Book chapters:

         Smith, T.R. (2000).  How to write. In R.D. Jones,  &
                R.S. Richards (Eds.), Writing with style and technique 
                (pp. 96-101).  New York: Doe Publishers. 

• Articles: (for multiple authors, see "Books" above):
  Author(s). (Year of publication). Article title. Journal title, Volume #
         (Issue #), Page numbers.

Jones, J. (1999). Writing with style.  Style  
      Writing Journal, 12(6), 14-33.

• Computerized resources: Include all information that is available in the computerized source.  For multiple authors, see "Books" above. 
  
  • Online full-text journal article citation based on a print source:  
    Author(s). (Year of publication). Article title. [Format]. Journal title,
           Volume number (Issue number), Page numbers. 

    Jones, J.T. (2001). How writing influences our lives
           [Electronic version].  Style Writing Journal, 14(6),
           112-135.  

  • Online full-text journal article from a database:

    Johnson, R.N. (2001). What writing style does for me.
           Style Writing Journal, 14(6), 92-101. Retrieved April
           30, 2002, from Academics Expanded database.

• Internet Example:  
  Author(s). (Year of publication). Web site title or title of
          section retrieved. Retrieved date, from Web site from
          which section is retrieved: Web address. 

         American Psychological Association (1999, June 1).
                Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by
                the American Psychological Association.  Retrieved
                April 30, 2002 from American Psychological
                Association Web site: 
                http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

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NOTES:

Here are examples of basic formats. APA Style cites references Within the Text. Although page number(s) are not required, for direct quotes, include the page number(s) or chapter.  If no page number is listed, use the paragraph number, if available.  See assorted examples below:

• Basic format:
  (Author's last name, year, page number)
  
  
• One or two authors

  (Doe, 1999)

• Multiple (3 or more) authors
  • First time listed:

      (Doe, Richards, Jones, and Jones, 2001, p.212)
    
    

  • Subsequent cites:

     (Doe et. al., 2001, ¶ 5)  OR,
     (Doe et. al., 2001, para. 5)

• No authors: 
  (First few words of reference list entry which is usually the "title", year)

  ("Electronic reference formats", 2002)

---

APA Style Manuals:


American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication Manual of the 
      American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.:   
      American Psychological Association. (REF Z 253 .P83 2001) 

American Psychological Association (2001). Electronic
         Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological
         Association.  Retrieved May 8, 2001 from American Psychological
         Association Web site:  http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

Dewey, R. (2003). APA Research Style Crib Sheet. Retrieved February 7, 2003
        from http://www.docstyles.com/apacrib.htm. 

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2002). Using American Psychological
         Association (APA) Format (Updated to 5th edition).  Retrieved May 7,
         2002 from Purdue University Online Writing Lab Web site: 
         http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html.

Schuzman, L. T. & Thomlison, B. (2004).  Writing with Style: APA Style for 
        Social Work. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. University 
        of Southern Mississippi Libraries.  (REF HM 586 .S98 2004)

University of Southern Mississippi Libraries. (2001)  APA Style Guide. 5th ed.
         Retrieved  7 May 2002 from the University of Southern Mississippi 
         Libraries User Guides Web site:
         http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/apa.html. 

Welch, J.M. (2002). Citing Electronic Business Sources--Based on APA Style.
         Charlotte, NC: University of North Caroline-Charlotte.  Retrieved 
         March 17, 2003 from University of North Carolina-Charlotte Web site:
         http://libweb.uncc.edu/ref-bus/citation.pdf .

"Refereed" or "Peer Reviewed" Journals 

"Peer review" is the process through which experts in a field of study examine and assess the quality of articles before they are published. Peer review insures that the research described in a journal's articles is sound and of high quality. 
Sometimes the term "refereed" is used instead of peer reviewed.

Lists found in:

• Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory. 5 volumes. (Located at the Reference Desk in Minneapolis and St. Paul)
  Search the title index for the journal title in Volume 4 which will identify the page number in volumes 1-3.  Look for "Refereed" in the record.
  
  
• The Serials Directory
  http://www.stthomas.edu/libraries/databases/general_reference/book_pub.htm   Available through the Online Databases page under General/Interdisciplinary--Book and Publication Info.
  Search for the title of the journal.  Look for "Peer Rev:  YES" in the record.

USE BOTH PUBLICATIONS. Neither has a whole list, but  together they are nearly complete.

Return to Style Manuals and Citation Guides page.
Return to Psychology page.
Return to Graduate Psychology page.

Comments to Jan Orf, jmorf@stthomas.edu, Reference Librarian, University of St. Thomas Libraries
Updated January 5, 2004.